Mohammad Ayub Khan

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Mohammad Ayub Khan fue el presidente de Pakistán entre los años 1958 y 1969. Después de estudiar en la Universidad Musulmana de Aligarh y en el British Royal Military College, se convirtió en oficial del ejército indio en 1928. Luchó en Birmania durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y posterior a eso ascendió hasta el final de los rangos en la milicia de la recién independiente Pakistán. En 1958 el presidente pakistaní Iskander Mirza, revocó la constitución del país y Ayub pasó a ser jefe de ley marcial. Se declaró a sí mismo presidente ese mismo año, exiliando a Mirza. Estableció estrechos nexos con China y en 1965 inició una guerra con la India por el control de la región de Cachemira. El fracaso de la toma de Cachemira, combinado con el descontento por las restricciones en los comicios, indujo a disturbios y Ayub renunció en 1969. (Language: es)

Mohammad Ajub Khan oli Pakistanin poliittinen johtaja vuodesta 1958 vuoteen 1969. Hänestä tuli Pakistanin asevoimien ylipäällikkö 1951, ja hän oli Pakistanin sotahistorian nuorin kenraali ja sotamarsalkka. Hän johti Pakistanin ensimmäistä sotilasvallankaappausta vuonna 1958. Hän oli saanut koulutuksensa brittien Intian armeijassa. Khan solmi Intian kanssa sopimuksen Punjabin kastelujärjestelmästä. Maailmanpankki rahoitti hankkeen vuonna 1960. Khan toteutti maareformin, tavoitteena oli maanvuokraajien elinehtojen parantaminen ja maatalouden ylijäämämaan pakkoluovuttaminen uudelleen jakoa varten. Enimmäismäärät olivat 200 hehtaaria keinokasteluilla alueilla ja yli 400 hehtaaria muilla alueilla. Maareformi aiheutti positiivisen sykäyksen Pakistanin talouden parantumiselle. Tuotannon kasvu oli nopeaa, viisi prosenttia vuodessa. Khan toteutti myös väestöpolitiikan toteuttamisen, jossa perhesuunnittelu tuli ensisijalle. Khan otti käyttöön uuden perustuslain vuonna 1962. Oppositio valitti poliittisen vapauden puutetta. Khan aloitti sodan Intiaan vastaan vuonna 1965 Kashmirin tilanteen vuoksi. Pakistan hyökkäsi panssarijoukoilla 1. syyskuuta 1965. Ayub Khan hyväksyi Neuvostoliiton välitysehdotuksen ja sota päättyi 22. syyskuuta 1965. Lal Bahadur Shastri ja Khan neuvottelivat Taškentissa Neuvostoliiton pääministeri Aleksei Kosyginin johdolla tammikuussa 1966. Tämän jälkeen Khanin suosio Pakistanissa laski ja hän menetti armeijan tuen. Presidenttinä hän piti yllä viileitä suhteita Intian kanssa, ja Intian-Pakistanin sota vuonna 1965 oli käännekohta hänen urallaan. Epäsuosituksi tullut Khan luopui vallasta kuitenkin vasta 1969. (Language: fi)

Ayub Khan var under midten av 1960-tallet president i Pakistan. (Language: no)

Муххамед Айюб Хан — главнокомандующий вооруженными силами и президент Пакистана с 1958 по 1969 г. Родился в провинции Хазара; по этнической принадлежности пуштун. Когда в 1947 году был создан Пакистан, Айюб Хан возглавил вооруженные силы в Восточном Пакистане. Потомственный военный, отец Мухаммеда служил в британской армии в чине субедар-майора. Закончил Мусульманский университет в Алигархе, затем Королевскую военную академию в Сандхёрсте. К моменту обретения Пакистаном независимости был самым старшим по званию мусульманским офицером. В 1951 году был назначен главнокомандующим пакистанской армией. С 1954 по 1956 г. занимал пост министра обороны, а после военного переворота 1958 года стал главой военного режима. В 1960 году формально легитимизировал свое положение во главе государства референдумом. На посту главы государства Мухаммед АйюбХан инициировал Вторую индо-пакистанскую войну, проводил проамериканскую внешнюю политику, именно в его правление состоялось вступление Пакистана в Багдадский пакт, потом СЕНТО и СЕАТО. Проводил политику ускоренного экономического роста и умеренной земельной реформы. Добился принятия второй пакистанской конституции, ограничившей политическую жизнь рамками так называемых «основных демократических прав». В марте 1968 года Айюб Хан тяжело заболел и утратил политический контроль над страной. В марте 1969 года Айюб Хан ушел в отставку под давлением политической оппозиции. (Language: ru)

Mohammad Ayub Khan oftast bara Ayub Khan, född 1904, död 1974, var en pakistansk militär och politiker. Pakistans president 1958-1969. Ayub Khan kom från en enkel pashtunfamilj. General Ayub Khan blev Pakistans förste infödde arméchef i januari 1951 då han efterträdde britten Douglas Gracey. Han blandade sig i politiken och kunde lägga in veto mot politiska beslut om de påverkade arméns intressen. 1958 beslöt han och hans medhjälpare sig för att sätta stopp för de civila politkerna och ge landet "stabilitet". Under Ayub Khans styre genomfördes en stor jordreform. En ny konstitution trädde i kraft 1962, men makten stannade i Ayub Khans händer. Utrikespolitiskt sökte Ayub Khan stöd av USA som fick inrätta militära baser i Pakistan. Kriget mellan Pakistan och Indien 1965 undergrävde Ayub Khans ställning (trots att han utnämnde sig till fältmarskalk) och 1968 lämnade han över makten till arméchefen Yahaya Khan. (Language: sv)

Muhammed Eyüb Han, 1958-1969 arasında Pakistan devlet başkanı. Yönetimi sırasında ülkenin kalkınması açısından önemli gelişmeler olmuştur. Muhammed Eyüb, Hindistan'ın Uttar Pradeş eyaletindeki Aligarh Müslüman Üniversitesi'nde ve İngiltere'de, Sandhurst'teki İngiliz Kraliyet Askeri Okulu'nda öğrenim gördü.1928'de Hindistan Kara Kuvvetleri'nde subay oldu. II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Myanmar'da bir tabura kumanda etti ve 1947'de İngiliz Hindistanı'nın bölünmesinden sonra Pakistan ordusunda önce tuğgeneral, ardından başkomutan olarak hızla yükseldi. Bu arada kısa süre de savunma bakanlığı yaptı. Pakistan'da birkaç yıl süren siyasi kargaşadan sonra, 1958'de ordu desteğiyle anayasayı fesheden devlet başkanı İskender Mirza tarafından sıkıyönetim başkomutanlığına atandı. Muhammed Eyüb, kısa bir süre sonra kendini devlet başkanı ilan etti ve Mirza sürgüne gönderildi. Yönetimi yeniden düzenleyen Eyüb Han, tarım reformları yapıp sanayiyi canlandırarak ülke ekonomisini iyileştirmeye girişti. Ayrıca yabancı yatırımlar da teşvik edildi. Eyüb Han, 1960'ta temel demokrasiler sistemini yürürlüğe koydu. Sistem yönetimle bireyler arasında bağlantı sağlamayı amaçlayan yerel özerk organlardan oluşan Üyeleri 800-1.000 kişilik seçmen gruplarınca seçilecek birincil yönetim birimleri, yerel işleri yürütecekti. Seçilen bu birimler arasında yapılan ulusal referandumla Eyüb Han'ın devlet başkanlığı onaylandı. Aynı sistemle Eyüb Han 1965'te, karşısında Muhammed Ali Cinnah'ın kızı Fatıma Cinnah önderliğinde birleşen bir muhalefet olmasına karşın yeniden seçildi. 1962'deki Çin-Hindistan anlaşmazlığı sırasında ABD Hindistan'ı yeniden silahlandırmaya başlayınca, Çin ile yakın ilişkiler kurdu; bu ülkeden önemli ölçüde askeri yardım aldı. Bu arada, Cemmu ve Keşmir konusunda Hindistan ile giderek kızışan anlaşmazlık, 1965'te savaşa yol açtı. İki hafta süren savaştan sonra taraflar Birleşmiş Milletler'in çağrısıyla ateşkes imzalayarak bir sınır anlaşmasına vardılar. Oy hakkı kısıtlamaları üzerine çıkan öğrenci ayaklanmaları ve Keşmir'in alınamaması, ülke içindeki huzursuzluğu iyice artırdı. Bunun üzerine 1968 sonunda Eyüb Han, seçimlere katılmayacağını açıkladı. Karışıklıkların sürmesi üzerine 26 Mart 1969'da istifa ederek yerini ordu başkomutanı Yahya Han'a bıraktı. (Language: tr)

阿尤布·汗（乌尔都语：محمد ايوب خان‎，1907年5月14日－1974年4月19日），巴基斯坦軍事強人，巴基斯坦總統。早年留學英國並成為印度陸軍高級軍官的他始終致力巴基斯坦脫離印度獨立，並且巴基斯坦建國後的1958年—1969年間統治巴基斯坦。因為他對鄰國印度的強硬作風，讓他頗受巴基斯坦國內人民的擁戴，不過也因與印度的交惡，在他的任內當中，南亞始終呈現緊張的態勢。 (Language: zh)

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http://bio2rdf.org/dbpedia:Afzal_Rahman_Khan

http://bio2rdf.org/dbpedia:Chaudhry_Ali_Akbar_Khan

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Pakistan (Language: en)

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Hilal-e-Jurat Hilal-e-Pakistan Nishan-e-Pakistan (Language: en)

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http://bio2rdf.org/dbpedia:World_War_II

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http://bio2rdf.org/dbpedia:Douglas_David_Gracey

http://bio2rdf.org/dbpedia:Feroz_Khan_Noon

http://bio2rdf.org/dbpedia:Iskander_Mirza

http://bio2rdf.org/dbpedia:Khan_Habibullah_Khan

http://bio2rdf.org/dbpedia:Muhammad_Ali_Bogra

http://bio2rdf.org/dbpedia:Muhammad_Ayub_Khuhro

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http://bio2rdf.org/dbpedia:Haripur%2C_Pakistan

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Brigade in Waziristan 14th Infantry Division, Dhaka Adjutant General (AG) Deputy Commander-in-Chief Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army (Language: en)

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14 May 1907 (Language: en)

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